less

Referring to a smaller amount or quantity of something, typically uncountable nouns (e.g., water, time, money) or abstract concepts. It indicates a reduced degree or extent. While traditionally used with uncountable nouns, 'less' is sometimes informally used with countable nouns, though 'fewer' is the grammatically preferred choice for countables.

• I have less time to spend on hobbies this week. — This means I have a smaller amount of time.
• There is less sugar in this cake than in the last one. — This indicates a reduced quantity of an uncountable ingredient.
• She felt less pain after taking the medication. — This describes a reduced degree of an abstract sensation.
• With less effort, you could still achieve a good result. — This implies a reduced amount of exertion.

To a smaller degree or extent; not as much. When used as an adverb, 'less' modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating a reduction in the intensity, frequency, or quality of the action or description. In Japanese, conveying this meaning often requires using phrases like `あまり` (not much/very) or comparative structures, as there isn't a single direct adverbial equivalent that covers all contexts in the same way 'less' does in English. It often implies a comparison to a previous state or another item.

• He cares less about his appearance now that he's older. — This means he cares to a smaller degree.
• They walk less quickly than they used to. — This indicates a reduced speed of walking.
• The new software works less efficiently than the old one. — This means it operates with a reduced level of efficiency.
• You should speak less loudly in the library. — This is a suggestion to speak with reduced volume.